======================RF_SPECTRUM================================ exp(j*X) cos(x) +j*sin(x) Maxwell's Equations __ \/ dot J = -delta_p/dt __ \/ cross E = -delta_B/dt V=delta_Phi/dt __ \/ cross H = J+ delta_D/dt H =I*N __ \/ dot D = p __ \/ dot B = 0 resis skin effect The formula is Skin Depth) = 1/sqrt(Pi*f*mu*sigma) mu = pemeabillity of the metal sigma = conductivity of the metal All you have to remember is two facts. One, resistance of 40 AWG is about 1 ohm per foot. Two, resistance doubles (or halves) every three gauges. So, resistance of 37 gauge is 0.5 ohms/foot, 34 gauge is 0.25 ohms/foot.... 40 AWG is really 1.046 ohms/foot, but for a quick and dirty, nothing beats it. Ohms per thousand feet = 10^(0.1 * Gauge Number - 1) ->> where Gauge Number is American Wire Gauge. Actually the correct formula is: ohms/ft = 2^((AWG-40)/3) or: ohms/1000 ft = 0.001 * 2^((AWG-40)/3) Funny, looking at it this way, where you can find the thermal resistivity of copper as 401W/m.K at 300K A 1 ounce per square foot copper trace is 34 microns thick, so a typical 12 thou (305 micron) wide trace will have a conductivity of 4.2uW/m.K ======================RADIO_FREQUENCY======================================= Long wave below 550Khz 510 -535 Misc Radio beacons 500 KHz Distress(CW) ship to shore 415-490KHz Maritime mobile (CW) ship to shore 285-400KHz Radio beacons,weather weath,AM, carrierCurrent_60Hz_trans aeronautical and marine 190-285KHz Radio beacons,weather weath,AM, carrierCurrent_60Hz_trans european long wave broadca 160-190KHz Fixed Public,license-free exper 1W , no need licen experiimental european long wave broadcast fixed(point to point) 110-160KHz maritime mobile, noisy, some RTTY trans lowest freq long wave broadcast fixed(point to point) 90-110KHz Loran Navigation 30-90KHz fixed,mobile RTTY trans, some CW , noisy standard freq /time sign 14-30KHz submarine comunications RTTY trans, some CW , noisy VLF wold wide hig-power miltary and commercial 10-14KHz atm phenomena, whistlers lowest radio sprect freq used omega signals freq standard below 10KHz atmoshper noise whistlers experimental experiment trans miltary AM radio: 535 kilohertz to 1.7 megahertz Short wave radio: 5.9 megahertz to 26.1 megahertz Citizens Band (CB) 26.96 megahertz to 27.41 megahertz Television stations 54-88 megahertz for channels 2-6 FM radio 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz Television stations 174-220 megahertz for channels 7-13 Garage door openers around 40 megahertz alarm systems around 40 megahertz cordless phones: Bands from 40 to 50 megahertz Baby monitors: 49 megahertz RC airplanes: around 72 megahertz, which is different from... RC cars: around 75 megahertz Wildlife tracking collars: 215 to 220 megahertz MIR space station: 145 megahertz and 437 megahertz Cell phones: 824 to 849 megahertz 900MHzcordlessphones Obviously around 900 megahertz! scanner cannot listen Air Traffic Control radar: 960 to 1,215 megahertz GPS Global Positioning System: 1,227 and 1,575 megahertz Deep space radio communications: 2290 megahertz to 2300 megahertz aviation band 118 MHz to 135.975 MHz pilot-to-pilot 123.45 MHz into your scanner will let you hear some police/municipality frequencies in the 800 MHz range. most scanners 29-512 megahertz MHz) range. car race 460 to 470 MHz ------------------------------------------------------------- 535-1635 KHz AM 44-49 Mhz Analog cordless phone 54-88 Mhz TV chaneel 2-6 (VHF) 88-108 MHz FM 174-216 Mhz TV channel 7-13MHz (VHF) 470-806 MHz TV Channel 14-69 (UHF) 800 MHz RF wireless modems 806-890 MHz Cellular Phones 900 MHz digital cordless phones 900-929 Mhz Personal Communication services (PCS) 929-932 Mhz Nation wide pagers 932-940 MHz two-way pagers 1610-1626.25 MHz Satellite phones uplink 1850-2200 MHz Future PCS 2483.5-2500 MHz Satellite phones downink 4-6 Ghz Satellite TV large dish 11.7-12.7 Ghz Satellite TV small dish 28-29 GHz Wireless "cable" TV ------------------------------------------------------------- Frequency SPECTRUM 0 Hertz Steady direct current 50-60 Hetz AC power ----------------------USA--------------------------------- 16-16.000 kHz Audio frequencies 5000Km 10-30 kHz v.l.f -very low frequency 30-10Km 30 kHz - 30 MHz Radio Frequencies 30-300 kHz l.f. low frequency 10-1Km 30S35 kHz Marine com & navigation, aero nav. 300-3000 kHz m.f medium frequencies 1000-100m 535-1605 kHz AM broadcast bands 1800-2000 kHz 60 meter band ----------------------Football_Field--------------------------- 3-30 MHz h.f. - high frequencies 100-10m 3.5-4 MHz 80 me1erband 7-7.3 MHz 40 band 14-14.35 Mnl 20 meter band 21-21.45 MHz 15meterbend 26.85-27.54 MHz Industrial, Scientific, medical 28-29.7 MHz 10 meterband 26.86-27.455 MHz Citizens Band Class D ----------------------Human----------------------------------- 30-300 MHz very high frequencies 1O-1m 30-50 MHz Police,fire,highway,railroad 50-54 MHz 6 meter band 54-72 MHz TV channels 2 to 4 72-76 MHz Government, Aero,Marker 75MHz 76-88 MHz TV channels 5 and 6 88-108 MHz FM broadcast band 108-118 MHz Aeronautical navigation 118-136 MHz Civil Communication Band 148-174 MHz Government 144-148 MHz 2 meter band 174-216 MHz TV channels 7 to 13 216-470 MHz Amateur, government. CB Bend non-govemment, fixed or mobile aeronautical navigation 220-225 MHz Amateur band. 1-1/4 meter 225-400 MHz Military 420-450 MHZ Amateur band, 0.7 meter 462.5-465 MHz Citizens Band 300-3000 MHz u.h.f. - ultra high frequencies lOO-1Ocm 470-890 MHz TV channels 14 to 83 890-3000 MHz Aero navigation, amateur bands. Qovernment& non-government, fixed and mobile 1300-1600 MHz Radar band 3000-30,000 MHz s.h.f. - super high frequencies 10-1cm Government and non-govetnment, amateur bands, radio navigation ----------------------Grain_OF_SAND------------------------------- 30 to 300 GHz Extra-high frequencies (weather radar, experimental, government) 1-0.1cm ----------------------Bacterium------------------------------- 30-0.7um Infrared light and heat 0.76-0.39 um Visiblelight 300teraHz 6470-7000 angstroms Red light 5850-6740 angstroms Orange light 5750 5850 angstroms Yellow light 5560-5750 angstroms Maximum visibility 4912-5560 angstroms Green light 4240-4912 angstroms Blue light 4000-4240 angstroms Violet light ----------------------Virus------------------------------- 0.390-0.032um Ultraviolet light 30petaHz 3200-1 angstroms X-rays 1-0.06 angstroms Gamma rays ----------------------Atom------------------------------- 0.0005 angstroms Cosmic rays ----------------------Atomic_Nucleus------------------------------- 1um micrometer(10^-6m) GHz gigahertz(10^9 Hz) angstrom 10^-10 meters ======================RADIO_MORSE================================== ------------------------------------------------------------- MORSE CODE Later Code Letter Code b A .- Q --.- 1 .--- B -... R .-. 2 ..-- C -.-. S ... 3 ...- D -.. T 4 .... E . U ..- 5 ..... F ..-. V ...- 6 -.... G --. W .-- 7 --... H .... X -..- 8 ---.. I .. Y -.-- 9 ----. J .--- Z --.. O ---- K -.- Error ....... . .-.-.- L .-.. wait .-... : --..-- M -- End Msg - -... ; N -. EndWrk ...-.- 0 --- InvXmit-.p ( -.--.- P .--. / -..-. ------------------------------------------------------------- RADIO ALPHABET Letter Word pronunciation A Alfa Al Fah B Bravo Bra Voh C Charlie Char Lee D Delta Del Tah E Echo Ek Oh F Foxtrot Foks Trd G Golf Golf H Hotel Ho Tell I India In Dee Ah J Juliett Jew Lee Ett K Kilo Key Loh L Lima Lee Mah M Mike Mike N November No Vem Bar O Oscar Oss Cahr P Papa Pah Pah Q Ouebec Ke Beck R Romeo Row Me Oh S Sierra See Air Rah T Tango Tang Go U Uniform You Nee Form V Victor Vick Tar W Whiskey Wiss Key X X-Ray Ecks Ray Y Yankee Yang Kee Z Zulu Zoo Loo