======================ELECT_THERM================================== zener 3.5mV/C resister 20%/100C vbe -2.2mV at 1ua and -1.5 at 2mA... .2mV per decade Traditional Thermocouple Measurement ___________ Cu | | Temp ________________________| Measure | / Con Cu | | \_______ _____________| | | | | | | | | | |___________| |~~|~~|~~| | | | | Ice Bath | \/ | 0_deg_C |________| reference junction Modern Thermocouple Measurement ___________ Cu ..|. | Temp ________________________|. Measure | / Con . |. | \________________________|. 104.2C | ..|. | reference junction |___________| ----------------------Thermocouple------------------------------- Type Materials Color Tem J +iron-constantan white/red 0C=>750C K +NiChrom-NiAl Yellow/red -200C=>1250C T +copper-constantan blue/red -200C=>350C E +NiChrom-copperNi purple/red -200C=>900C S +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1450C R +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1450C B +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1700C Cu-Ag 0.3uV/C Cu-Au 0.3uV/C Cu-cd Sn 0.3uV/C Cu-Pb/Sn 2uV/C Cu-Si 400uV/C Cu-kovar 40uV/C metal film 1% to .001% 100->5ppm/C .1uH and .5pf metal foil 1% to .001% 100->5ppm/C .1uH and .5pf metal film 1% to .005% 5->.5ppm/C .1uH and .5pf wire wound 0.1% to .001% 10->1ppm/C .1mH and 5pf polystyrene 5% to 0.05% -150ppm/C .02uH telfon 20% to 1% -100ppm/C .02uH Mylar 20% to 1% +500ppm/C .02uH ceranmic 20% to 5% +/-30ppm/C .002uH VOLTAGE TEMPERATURE Type K Type R Tungsten vs. Chromel vs Pt-13% Rhodium Tungsten-26% Temper Alumel vs. Platinum Rhenium C mV mV mv) Ñ270 Ñ6.548 Ñ200 Ñ5.891 Ñ100 Ñ3.553 0 0 0 0 100 4.095 0.647 0.334 200 8.137 1.468 1.037 400 16.395 3.407 3.339 600 24.902 5.582 6.529 800 33.277 7.949 10.296 1000 41.269 10.503 14.389 1200 48.828 13.224 18.607 1372 54.875 15.639 22.213 1400 16.035 22.792 1600 18.842 26.820 1768 21.108 30.009 1800 30.592 2000 34.022 2200 36.884 2315 38.556 Thermoelectric to-Temperature Conversion, Type K* a0 0.0 a1 1.2329875Xl0-2 a2 -1.4434305x1O-5 a3 -4.2824995X10-9 a4 -4.2028679X10-13 (-270C to 0C with error range -11C to 8C) a0 0.0 a1 2.5I32785x10-2 a2 -6.08334232x10-8 a3 5.5358209x10-13 a4 9.37209l8Xl0-18 (0C to 1370C with error range -2.4C to1.2C ) Thermoelectric-to-Temperature I Conversion, Type J* a0 0.0 a1 1.8843850x10-2 a2 1.2O29733x1O-6 a3 -2.5276593x10-10 a4 -2.5849263x10-14 (-200C to 0C with error range -0.4C to O.5C) a0 0.0 a1 1.9323799x10-2 a2 -1I.0306020x10-7 a3 3.7084018xl0-12 a4 -5.I03I937x10-17 (OC to 760C with error range -0.9C to 0.7C) T = a0 + a1*E + a3*E^3 + ... +an*E^n where: E = thermoelectric voltage (microvolts) an type-dependent polynomial coefficients T = temperature (0C) n = order of polynomial CHARACTERISTICS 2252-OHM PRECISION THERMISTOR Temperature Resistance Ohms -80 (-112) 1660K -70 (Ñ94) 702.3K -60 (Ñ76) 316.5K -50 (Ñ58) 151.0K Ñ40 (Ñ40) 75.79K Ñ30 (Ñ22) 39.86K Ñ20 (Ñ4) 21.87K Ñ10 (14) 12.46K 0 (32) 7.355K 10 (50) 4.482K 20 (68) 2.814K 25 (77) 2.252K 30 (86) 1.815K 40 (104) 1.200K 50 (122) 811.3 60 (140) 560.3 70 (158) 394.5 80 (176) 282.7 90 (194) 206.1 100 (212) 152.8 110 (230) 115.0 120 (248) 87.7 130 (266) 67.8 140 (283) 53.0 150 (302) 41.9 2Ñ700-SERIES THERMISTOR PAIR Temperature T1 (Ohms) T2 (Ohms) C ~F (6K at 25~C) (30K at 25~C) Ñ30 (Ñ22) 106.2K 481.0K Ñ20 (Ñ4) 58.26K 271.2K Ñ10 (14) 33.20K 158.0K 0 (32) 19.59K 94.98K 10 (50) 11.94K 58.75K 20 (68) 7496 37.30K 30 (86) 4834 24.27K 40 (104) 3196 16.15K 50 (122) 2162 10.97K 60 (140) 1493 7599 70 (158) 1051 5359 80 (176) 753.8 3843 90 (194) 549.8 2799 100 (212) 407.6 2069 PLATINUM AND NICKEL RTDÕS (DIN STANDARD 43760) Temperature Platinum Tolerance Nickel Tolerance C Ohms 0C Ohms C Ñ200 18.49 1.3 Ñ100 60.25 0.8 Ñ60 76.33 0.6 69.5 2.1 Ñ50 80.31 0.55 74.3 1.8 0 100.00 0.3 100.0 0.4 50 119.40 0.55 129.1 0.75 100 138.50 0.8 161.8 1.1 150 157.31 1.05 198.7 1.45 180 168.46 1.2 223.2 1.7 200 175.84 1.3 400 247.90 2.3 600 313.59 3.3 800 375.51 4.3 850 380.26 4.55 Temp Heat pumped diff C watts 0 20 20 w heat across 0 degrees .. efficnecy low 25 10 10 w heat across 25 degrees efficiency very low 50 0 0 w heat across 50 degress efficiency zero TYPICAL HEAT PUMPING CURVE for a larger thermoelectrIc module. Note that the efficiency goes down as the tempereture differential increases. Heat flux ends up proportional to temperature difference. twice the delta-T for twice watts typical heatsink 2 and 10 degrees Celsius per watt. below 1 degree per watt, forced-air cooling. half a degree per watt,pumped-water cooling system THERMiSTOR CHARACTERISTICS Thermistor Available Mid-Range typIcal Type Resistances Accuracy Temperature Range LowCost l00->200K 5 to 20% Ñ50 to 150 C (1 to 5CC) Precision 100->1M 0.1 to 0.2 Ñ80 to 150 C (0.5 to 1%) Glass Bead 200->1M 20% Ñ60 to 300CC (5 C) Glass Coated 2.2K->30K 0.05 to 0.2 Ñ80 tO 250~ <. (0.2 to 1%) ----------------------Thermocouple------------------------------- Cu-Ag 0.3uV/C Cu-Au 0.3uV/C Cu-cd Sn 0.3uV/C Cu-Pb/Sn 2uV/C Cu-Si 400uV/C Cu-kovar 40uV/C Type Materials Color Tem J +iron-constantan white/red 0C=>750C K +NiChrom-NiAl Yellow/red -200C=>1250C T +copper-constantan blue/red -200C=>350C E +NiChrom-copperNi purple/red -200C=>900C S +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1450C R +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1450C B +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1700C Type Materials Color Tem J +iron-constantan white/red 0C=>750C K +NiChrom-NiAl Yellow/red -200C=>1250C T +copper-constantan blue/red -200C=>350C E +NiChrom-copperNi purple/red -200C=>900C S +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1450C R +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1450C B +PlatinRhoduium-Platin black/red 0C=>1700C Brass 3.9 0.002 (66 Cu 34 Zn) Chromax 100 3E-04 (15 Cr 35 Ni 50 Fe) Constantan 44.2 2E-04 (55 Cu 45 Ni) German Silv 33 4E-04 (18 Ni) Kovar A 45-85 (29Ni 17Co .3Mn 46Fe) Nichrome 100 2E-04 (65 Ni 12 Cr 23 Fe) Steel 13-22 0.003 (.4 C) Stainless 90 (.1C 18 Cr 8 Ni) Cu-Ag 0.3uV/C Cu-Au 0.3uV/C Cu-cd Sn 0.3uV/C Cu-Pb/Sn 2uV/C Cu-Si 400uV/C Cu-kovar 40uV/C THERMOVOLTAGES GENERATED BY POPULAR METALS AND ALLOYS MATERIAL pM/DEGREE NONLINEARITY Aluminum Ñ0.38 Ñ0.00010 Antimony +35.58 +0.145 Bismuth Ñ43.68 Ñ0.465 Brass +0.710 +0.00561 Cadmium +3.059 +0.0285 Carbon +11.056 +0.0358 Cobalt Ñ10.71 Ñ0.0570 Constantan Ñ38.105 Ñ0.0888 Copper +2.76 +0.0122 Germanium +302.5 +0.725 Gold +2.90 +0.0068 Indium +2.40 +0.00190 Iron Ñ51.84 Ñ0.204 Lead 0.0000 0.0000 Magnesium Ñ0.201 +0.002572 Mercury Ñ8.81 Ñ0.0333 Nickel Ñ19.067 Ñ0.03022 Nichrome +25.0 +0.02643 Palladium Ñ7.409 Ñ0.03922 Platinum Ñ3.038 Ñ0.03248 Rubidium Ñ8.26 Ñ0.0302 Silicon Ñ408.2 Ñ0.4696 Silver +2.50 +0.0115 Tin +0.0684 +0.000038 Tungsten +1.594 +0.0341 Zinc +3.047 Ñ0.0099 VOLTAGE TEMPERATURE Type K Type R Tungsten Chromel vs Pt-13% Rhodium vs Tungsten-26% Temper Alumel vs Platinum Rhenium C mV mV mv) -270 -6.548 -200 -5.891 -100 -3.553 0 0 0 0 100 4.095 0.647 0.334 200 8.137 1.468 1.037 400 16.395 3.407 3.339 600 24.902 5.582 6.529 800 33.277 7.949 10.296 1000 41.269 10.503 14.389 1200 48.828 13.224 18.607 1372 54.875 15.639 22.213 1400 16.035 22.792 1600 18.842 26.820 1768 21.108 30.009 1800 30.592 2000 34.022 2200 36.884 2315 38.556 Thermoelectric to-Temperature Conversion, Type K* a0 0.0 a1 1.2329875Xl0-2 a2 -1.4434305x1O-5 a3 -4.2824995X10-9 a4 -4.2028679X10-13 (-270C to 0C with error range -11C to 8C) a0 0.0 a1 2.5I32785x10-2 a2 -6.08334232x10-8 a3 5.5358209x10-13 a4 9.37209l8Xl0-18 (0C to 1370C with error range -2.4C to1.2C ) Thermoelectric-to-Temperature I Conversion, Type J* a0 0.0 a1 1.8843850x10-2 a2 1.2O29733x1O-6 a3 -2.5276593x10-10 a4 -2.5849263x10-14 (-200C to 0C with error range -0.4C to O.5C) a0 0.0 a1 1.9323799x10-2 a2 -1I.0306020x10-7 a3 3.7084018xl0-12 a4 -5.I03I937x10-17 (OC to 760C with error range -0.9C to 0.7C) T = a0 + a1*E + a3*E^3 + ... +an*E^n where: E = thermoelectric voltage (microvolts) an type-dependent polynomial coefficients T = temperature (0C) n = order of polynomial metal film 1% to .001% 100->5ppm/C .1uH and .5pf metal foil 1% to .001% 100->5ppm/C .1uH and .5pf metal film 1% to .005% 5->.5ppm/C .1uH and .5pf wire wound 0.1% to .001% 10->1ppm/C .1mH and 5pf polystyrene 5% to 0.05% -150ppm/C .02uH telfon 20% to 1% -100ppm/C .02uH Mylar 20% to 1% +500ppm/C .02uH ceranmic 20% to 5% +/-30ppm/C .002uH SOME PROPERTIES OF POPULAR THERMOCOUPLE JUNCTIONS. Type Positive Composition Negative Composition Features Type B platinum 30% rhodium platinum 6% rhodium Easily contaminated. Requires careful protection. used at higher temperatures +1400 to +1700 C, +2500 to +3500 F Type C tungsten 5% rhenium tungsten 26% rhenium Works at extremely high temperatures. No oxidation resistance. Needs vacuum, hydrogen, or inert atmospheres +1650 to +2315 C, +3000 to +4200 F. Type E chromel constantan Highest output of base Does not corrode at cyrogenic temperatures +95 metal thermo- couples to +900 C, +200 to +1650 F. Type J iron constantan Most popular general use thermocouple. Can ÒrustÓ in oxidizing environments +95 to +760 C, +200 to +1400 F. Type K chromel alumel Good kiln thermocouple in oxidizing atmospheres+95 to +1260 C, +200 to +2300 F. Type N Nicrosil Alumel Resists sulfur. Kiln usable +650 to +1260 C, +1200 to +2300 F. Type R platinum 13% rhodium pure platinum For high temperature oxidizing atmospheres. Easily contaminated+870 to +1450 C, +1600 to +2640 F. Type S platinum 10% rhodium pure platinum Laboratory standard. Easily contaminated+980 to +1450 C, +1800 to +2640 F. Type T constantan copper Most stable at cyrogenic temperatures. useful from Ñ200 to +350 degrees C, -330 to +660 F.