======================TRANSISTOR_POWER============================ SCR ^ I | /|\ Triad ____|____ | \ / ^ | /___ __V__/_\_ ______|____/__\ V __/ | /___ | / Gate | / | ^ I | Anode /|\ SCR 4-10usec switch _|_ | \ / | /___ _V_ ______|____/__\ V __/| / | / Gate | Cathode / -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MOV surge suppressor MOV (metal oxide varistor) voltage-variable resistor for varistor) made of substances such as zinc oxide. to absorb spikes or surges across the power line. _|_ ^ I \ / /|\ _v__/ | | / ^ ______|____/__\ V /_\ / | / | | _|_ | | |/ | /| | / | |/ | / | /|___| | | TWO SYMBOLS like Zener diodes, but not sensitive to polarity; Surgcs usually come from nearby lightning strikes or from electric motors shutting off ======================TRANSISTOR_PINOUT============================= __-----__ / ()B \ / \ | | |()E C()| \ / _\ / \/\__ __/ ----- ________ ___/ \___ __/ __-----__ \__ / / \ \ / _ / ()B \ C _ \ | / \ | | / \ | | \_/ | ()E | \_/ | \_ \ / _/ \___ \__ __/ __/ \__ ----- __/ \_______/ __-----__ / \ | () B \ | | | () C | | / | () E / \__ __/ ----- __-----__ / \ | () C \ | | | () B | | / | () E / \__ __/ ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copper Wire ----------- AWG ft/Ohm Ohm/100ft Ampacity* mm M/Ohm Ohms/100M 10 490.2 .204 30 2.588 149.5 .669 12 308.7 .324 20 2.053 94.1 1.06 14 193.8 .516 15 1.628 59.1 1.69 16 122.3 .818 10 1.291 37.3 2.68 18 76.8 1.30 5 1.024 23.4 4.27 20 48.1 2.08 3.3 0.812 14.7 6.82 22 30.3 3.30 2.1 0.644 9.24 10.8 24 19.1 5.24 1.3 0.511 5.82 17.2 26 12.0 8.32 0.8 0.405 3.66 27.3 28 7.55 13.2 0.5 0.321 2.30 43.4 AWG current ratings AWG Diameter Ampacity Ohms/1000' Ohms/Km -------------------------------------------------- 0000 .460 312. 0.04906 000 .40964 262. 0.06186 00 .3648 220. 0.07801 0 .32486 185. 0.09831 1 .2893 156. 0.12404 2 .25763 131. 0.1563 3 .22942 110. 0.19723 4 .20431 92.3 0.24869 5 .18194 77.6 0.31361 6 .16202 65.2 0.39546 7 .14428 54.8 0.49871 8 .12849 46.1 0.6529 9 .11443 38.7 0.7892 10 .10189 32.5 0.8441 11 .090742 27.3 1.254 12 .080808 23.0 1.580 13 .071961 19.3 1.995 14 .064084 16.2 2.504 15 .057068 13.6 3.172 16 .05082 11.5 4.001 17 .045257 9.6 5.04 18 .040303 8.1 6.36 19 .03589 8.25 20 .031961 10.12 21 .028462 12.76 22 .025347 16.25 23 .022571 20.30 24 .0201 25.60 25 .0179 32.2 26 .01594 40.7 27 .014195 51.3 28 .012641 64.8 29 .011257 81.6 30 .010025 103. 31 .008928 130. 32 .00795 164. 33 .00708 206. 34 .006304 260. 35 .005614 328. 36 .005 414. 37 .004453 523. 38 .003965 660. 39 .003531 832. 40 .003144 1049. These Ohms/Distance figures are for a round trip circuit. Specifications are for copper wire at 77 degrees F or 25 degrees C. ======================FUZING_CURRENT============== fusing current I Konstant*Dia_in^(3/2) Konstant cu 10244 gold 1mil 1Amp Fusing Currents Wires in amperes which wire melt calculated from I = K*d^(3/2) FUSING CURRENTS IN AMPERES. AWG B & S Diam Copper Alumin GermSilv Iron Tin Gauge Inches K=10244 K=7585 K=5230 K=3148 K=1642 40 0.0031 1.77 1.31 0.90 0.54 0.28 38 0.0039 2.50 1.85 1.27 0.77 0.40 36 0.0050 3.62 2.68 1.85 1.11 0.58 34 0.0063 5.12 3.79 2.61 1.57 0.82 32 0.0070 7.19 5.32 3.67 2.21 1.15 30 0.0100 10.2 7.58 5.23 3.15 1.64 28 0.0126 14.4 10.7 7.39 4.45 2.32 26 0.0159 20.5 15.2 10.5 6.31 3.29 24 0,0201 29.2 21.6 14.9 8.97 4.68 22 0,0253 41.2 30.5 21.0 12.7 6.61 20 0,0319 58.4 43.2 29.8 17.9 9.36 19 0 0359 69.7 51.6 35.5 21.4 11.2 18 0.0403 82.9 61.4 42.3 25.5 13.3 17 0.0452 98.4 72.9 50.2 30.2 15.8 16 0.6508 117 86.8 59.9 36.0 18.8 15 0.0571 140 103 71.4 43.0 22.4 14 0.0641 166 123 84.9 51.1 26.6 13 0.0719 197 146 101 60.7 31.7 12 0.0808 235 174 120 72.3 37.7 11 0.0907 280 207 143 86.0 44.9 10 0.1019 333 247 170 102 53.4 9 0.1144 396 293 202 122 63.5 8 0.1285 472 349 241 145 75.6 7 0.1443 561 416 287 173 90.0 6 0.1620 668 495 341 205 107 ------------------------------------------------------------- Gold in plastic 2mile 100% 5Amps 14% dc faile 5.5Amps 63% failure 6Amp (.5 to 3sec) 29% survival 8Amp 1mil gold 1-1.5Amp 3mil gold 100% 8amps ------------------------------------------------------------- Si 1.00 to 1.46 Watts/cm*C GaAS 0.44 Cu 4.05 Gold 3.09 BeO 2.34 Kovar 0.2 Silver 4.14 saphire 0.25 Al2O3 0.188 ======================COMPONENTS_FUSES================================ ------------------------------------------------------------- Fuze Ratings AGC1 R=.160 1.5Amps 400msec at 3.5v AGC3 R=.060 4Amps 2000msec at 1v AGC5 R=.024 ??Amps 6000msec at 1v FUSING CURRENTS IN AMPERES. AWG B & S Diam d Copper Alumin GermSilv Iron Tin Gauge Inches K=10244 K=7585 K=5230 K=3148 K=1642 40 0.0031 1.77 1.31 0.90 0.54 0.28 38 0.0039 2.50 1.85 1.27 0.77 0.40 36 0.0050 3.62 2.68 1.85 1.11 0.58 34 0.0063 5.12 3.79 2.61 1.57 0.82 32 0.0070 7.19 5.32 3.67 2.21 1.15 30 0.0100 10.2 7.58 5.23 3.15 1.64 28 0.0126 14.4 10.7 7.39 4.45 2.32 26 0.0159 20.5 15.2 10.5 6.31 3.29 24 0,0201 29.2 21.6 14.9 8.97 4.68 22 0,0253 41.2 30.5 21.0 12.7 6.61 20 0,0319 58.4 43.2 29.8 17.9 9.36 19 0 0359 69.7 51.6 35.5 21.4 11.2 18 0.0403 82.9 61.4 42.3 25.5 13.3 17 0.0452 98.4 72.9 50.2 30.2 15.8 16 0.6508 117 86.8 59.9 36.0 18.8 15 0.0571 140 103 71.4 43.0 22.4 14 0.0641 166 123 84.9 51.1 26.6 13 0.0719 197 146 101 60.7 31.7 12 0.0808 235 174 120 72.3 37.7 11 0.0907 280 207 143 86.0 44.9 10 0.1019 333 247 170 102 53.4 9 0.1144 396 293 202 122 63.5 8 0.1285 472 349 241 145 75.6 7 0.1443 561 416 287 173 90.0 6 0.1620 668 495 341 205 107 expoxy B plastic dip 100C/W to5 120C/w cer dip 70C/w Si melt 1420C Cu melts 1083 Gold 1030 Alum 660 Si storaage 300 50/50 solder mets 200 indium melts 156 175 Silcon operates mil spec 155 -65 industrial 125 -25 commerical 85 0C Rth of square is 56C/W to 70C/W drops 13.6db per thickness distance about 12dB/10mils drops 86.6% per mil Gold in plastic 2mile 100% 5Amps 14% dc faile 5.5Amps 63% failure 6Amp (.5 to 3sec) 29% survival 8Amp 1mil gold 1-1.5Amp 3mil gold 100% 8amps At a given voltage a given percent of Isat forms holes/electrons I_leakage = Isat + Isat*P% + Isat*P%^2+.. = Isat/(1-P%) P% = (V/Vbeakdown)^3 I_leakage = Isat/(1- ( (V/Vbeakdown)^3 ) ) but if beta get into the picture Pbeta% = (Beta+1)*P% Vcbo = Vcbo/((1+Beta)^sqrt(1/3)) Valence Number radius_Ang Ionization Gallium 3 31 1.26 0.065ev Boron 3 5 0.81 0.045ev Aluminum 3 13 1.26 0.057ev Indium 3 44 1.44 0.160ev Phosphours 5 15 1.13 0.044ev Arsenic 5 33 1.18 0.049ev Antimony 5 51 1.36 0.0395ev Silicon 4 14 1.17 REL purple plaue - gold metalization into aluminum at 200C causing opens brittle gold aluminum.. don't bond to substrate. silver or tin tends to form wickes across insultation in a humit environ metal mitgration = exceed max current burn int 10 hours at 250C will get freak failures HTOT at 300C it take s 1000 hour for all devices to go at 250 it tkes 10,000 hours at 200c and 100 hour weed out infant mortality Infant mortality 1% is stiff spect 3% to 5% max French: silicium | German: Silicium | Italian: silicio | Spanish: silicio Bulk properties Density: 2329 [293 K]; 2525 [liquid at m.p.] kg m-3 Molar volume: 12.06 cm3 Velocity of sound: 2200 m s-1 Elastic properties Young's modulus: 113 GPa Rigidity modulus: 39.7 GPa Bulk modulus: n.a. GPa Poisson's ratio: 0.42 Hardness Mineral: 6.5 Brinell: (n.a.) Vickers: (n.a.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thermal properties Temperatures [K] Melting point: 1683 Boiling point: 2628 Critical temperature: 5159 Debye temperature: 647 Superconduction temperature: 7.5 Expansion and conduction properties Thermal conductivity: 148 [300 k] W m-1 K-1 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: K-1 Enthalpies All values are given in kJ mol-1 Fusion: 39.6 Vaporization: 383.3 Atomization: Sublimation: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thermodynamic properties The units are as follows: ΔfH in kJ mol-1, ΔfG in kJ mol-1, S in J K-1mol-1, and Cp in J K-1 mol-1. State ΔfH ΔfG S Cp Solid 0 0 18.83 20.00 Gas 455.6 411.3 167.97 22.251 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Optical properties Reflectivity: 28 % Refractive index: (n.a.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Elec and magnetic properties Electrical resistivity: 0.001 [273 K] &Ohm; m Mass magnetic susceptibility: -1.8 x 10-8 (s) kg-1 m3 Silicon Thermal Properties Thermal Conductivity (solid) 1.412 W/cm-K Thermal Conductivity (liquid) 4.3 W/cm-K Specific Heat 0.70 J/g-K Thermal Diffusivity .9 cm**2/s Melting Point 1683 K Boiling Point 2628 K Critical Temperature 5159 K Density (solid) 2.33 g/cm**3 Density (liquid) 2.53 g/cm**3 Vapor pressure at 1050C 1e-7 Torr at 1250C 1e-5 Torr Molar heat capacity 20.00 J/mol-K Specific Heat The Specific Heat (also called Specific Heat Capacity) is the amount of Heat required to change a given quantity of a substance by a give Temperature. Unlike the Extensive Variable Heat Capacity, which depends on the quantity of material, specific heat is an Intensive Variable and has units of energy per mass per degee. The heat capacity of a substance can differ depending on what Extensive Variables are held constant. The specific heat of Water is Cp_H20 =specific_Heat = 1 cal_per_gram_per_K = 4.184 J_per_gram_per_K where is the Thermal Expansion Coefficient and K is the Bulk Modulus (Isothermal). The heat capacity for most solids is well-approximated by the Dulong-Petit Law, E = Sum(p[i]/(2*mass) +K*q[i]^2/2) for i=1->3Na E_ave = 3*Na*(k*T/2 + k*T/2 ) = 3*Na*k*T = 3*R*T Cv = 3R k = Boltzmann constant= 1.380658(12) -16 erg k-1 8.5 1 cal = 4.1866 joules R= k*Na = 1.9872 cal_per_mole_per_K = 8.3144 J_per_mole_per_K = 1.126 J_per_gm_K Capacity_Therm_Vol = 3R = 25.031 J_per_mole_K For common minerals, Capacity_Therm_Vol =>about<= Capacity_Therm_Pres =>about<= 1.3 J_per_gm_K For k*T >> h_bar*Omega Cv =3R and for For k*T << h_bar*omega Cv =3R*(Phi_E/T)^2*exp(Phi_E/T) For common minerals, Capacity_Therm_Vol =>about<= Capacity_Therm_Pres =>about<= 1.3 J_per_gm_K Si = 28.09_gram_per_mole Si_Cp_H_1 = 20 J_per_mole_K Si_Cp_H_2 = .76 J_per_gm_K Si_Therm_Conduct_1 = 150 W_per_m_K Si_Therm_Conduct_2 = 148 W_per_m_K Si_Therm_Conduct_3 = 350/(T- 68Kdeg ) W_per_cm_K